Morbi, India<\/strong> \u2013 For seven years, Pradeep Kumar would walk into the ceramics factory in western India at 9am, load raw materials \u2013 clay, quartz and sand \u2013 into the kiln, and spend the day around the heat and dust of the furnaces.<\/p>\n He handled the clay at different stages, sometimes feeding it into machines, sometimes moving semi-processed pieces towards firing. The work was repetitive and demanding, with no protective gear, such as gloves and masks, against the high temperatures.<\/p>\n list of 4 items<\/span>end of list<\/span><\/section>\n \u201cIt would be very challenging in the summers since the heat would be at its peak,\u201d he told Al Jazeera.<\/p>\n But on March 15, he lost his job \u2013 not because of anything he or the company behind his factory had done, but because the United States and Israel attacked Iran, triggering another war in the Middle East and a global fuel crisis.<\/p>\n Barely two weeks after the war began, the ceramics company where he worked shut down due to a shortage of propane and natural gas. The company, in Morbi in Gujarat state \u2013 like all of its peers in the ceramics industry \u2013 depends on these critical ingredients.<\/p>\n Morbi is the centre of India\u2019s ceramics industry that employs more than 400,000 people. More than half of these workers, like Kumar, are migrants from poorer Indian states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.<\/p>\n Five days after Kumar lost his job, the 29-year-old took his wife and their three children back to their home in Uttar Pradesh\u2019s Hardoi district.<\/p>\n \u201cI am here until every other migrant worker who came back home with us goes back,\u201d he told Al Jazeera.<\/p>\n \u201cWe don\u2019t want to suffer like dogs, like we did during the COVID-19 pandemic,\u201d he added, referring to the 2020 and 2021 exodus of migrant workers from India\u2019s more industrialised western states to the poorer east, with millions of starving families, including children, walking on foot for days and sometimes weeks to reach their homes amid a coronavirus lockdown.<\/p>\n With more than 600 companies, Morbi produces about 80 percent of India\u2019s ceramics in the form of tiles, toilets, bathtubs and wash basins. But at least 450 of those companies have been forced to shut down as a standoff on the Strait of Hormuz, a lifeline for India\u2019s gas imports, continues.<\/p>\n Meanwhile, the war continues, with the US on Sunday capturing an Iranian cargo vessel, even as Washington says it is willing to hold another round of talks with Tehran in Pakistan to reach a deal. Tehran has refused to commit to peace talks after its ship was seized.<\/p>\n The developments came as a fragile ceasefire agreed by Iran and the US after a month of fighting expires on Wednesday. But a re-escalation in hostilities has seen Iran shutting down Hormuz for traffic, disrupting global fuel supplies and raising oil prices.<\/p>\n \u201cAll manufacturing units in Morbi rely on propane and natural gas to fire kilns at high temperatures. While propane is supplied by private companies, natural gas is provided by the state to those with connections. Around 60 percent of manufacturers use propane because it is comparatively cheaper,\u201d Siddharth Bopaliya, a 27-year-old third-generation manufacturer and trader in Morbi, told Al Jazeera.<\/p>\n Manoj Arvadiya, president of the Morbi Ceramic Manufacturers Association, said they had shut down the units till April 15, hoping that the Middle East crisis would be resolved by then.<\/p>\n \u201cBut even today, only around 100 units have opened, and most have still not begun the manufacturing process. For at least another 15 days, it is likely to remain the same,\u201d he told Al Jazeera.<\/p>\n Arvadiya said the closure has impacted 200,000 workers, with more than a quarter of them forced to go back to their homes in other states.<\/p>\n India\u2019s ceramic industry is valued at $6bn.<\/p>\n \u201cAbout 25 percent of Morbi\u2019s ceramics are exported to countries in the Middle East, Africa and Europe, with a net worth of $1.5bn. But exports are now delayed and, in some cases, completely halted, especially to Middle Eastern countries, due to the production slowdown over the past month,\u201d Arvadiya told Al Jazeera.<\/p>\n Factories that rely on propane remain shut in Morbi. Though natural gas is mostly available, many units have not made the switch yet, as new connections are being priced at 93 rupees a kilo, while existing users receive it at about 70 rupees.<\/p>\n Khushiram Sapariya, a manufacturer of washbasins who relies on propane, said he will wait this month before deciding on reopening his factory.<\/p>\n \u201cBecause then I have to call hundreds of staff who have gone to their homes, and I want to be sure before taking their responsibility,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n Among the workers who left Morbi last month is 27-year-old Ankur Singh.<\/p>\n \u201cThe shutdown of my company did not send me back alone, but with a Morbi disease \u2013 silicosis. I would often have fever and cough but kept ignoring it, until I came back to my hometown near Patna in Bihar and found after a check-up that it was silicosis,\u201d he told Al Jazeera.<\/p>\n Silicosis is an incurable lung disease caused by inhalation of silica dust found in rock, sand, quartz and other building materials. One of the oldest occupational diseases in the world, it kills thousands of people every year.<\/p>\n Gujarat-based labour rights activist Chirag Chavda says the disease is \u201cwidespread in Morbi because workers are routinely exposed to fine silica dust generated during ceramic production\u201d.<\/p>\n \u201cEven those not directly involved in moulding or kiln work often inhale the particles due to poor ventilation and prolonged exposure across factory spaces,\u201d he told Al Jazeera.<\/p>\n Chavda said most ceramic companies do not follow the government regulations regarding the safety of workers.<\/p>\n Harish Zala, 40, had worked in different ceramic companies in Morbi for two decades before he got silicosis two years ago. He said he received no help from his employer, who allegedly abused and threatened his father when he visited the company after the diagnosis.<\/p>\n \u201cEvery year, at least one labourer dies of silicosis in each company, while several get detected for silicosis,\u201d Zala told Al Jazeera. \u201cSome like me get lucky and survive, but have no choice but to quit the job immediately.\u201d<\/p>\n Zala said many companies do not provide the workers with written proof of employment, such as appointment letters, salary slips, or identity cards. \u201cThis is done so that if a worker later demands labour rights or legal entitlements, they have no concrete evidence to prove that they were employed by the company.\u201d<\/p>\n Chirag added that such workers are also denied social security under various Indian laws regarding salaries or pension funds, since doing so would establish proof of employment.<\/p>\n \u201cAs a result, even after working for years, workers are deprived of their labour rights due to a lack of evidence. This leaves employers with little to no legal accountability,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n In Morbi, there are also migrants like Sushma Devi, 56, who did not go back to her home in West Bengal because the tile company her son works at has promised to continue giving them shelter and food as it waits for manufacturing to resume.<\/p>\n \u201cI am here with a few more people because we did not want to spend money on travelling. Here, at least our ration is sorted,\u201d she said as she walked with a bundle of dry twigs, wood and discarded plywood for the cooking.<\/p>\n \u201cWe step out to collect these every day to be able to cook our two-time meal,\u201d said Devi. \u201cI hope the kilns and manufacturing resume soon, but I also hope they don\u2019t stop giving us rice and potatoes even if the kilns don\u2019t start running anytime soon.\u201d<\/p>\n Devi\u2019s husband, Debendar, and their son Ankit live in a one-room set given to them by their company. The family has access to a common toilet for 10 families on one floor.<\/p>\n Kumar, meanwhile, is running out of his meagre savings and fears he could fall into a debt trap, as he looks for work in Hardoi as a daily wage labour.<\/p>\n \u201cInitially, we ate from whatever we had saved. But the house needed repair and we had to borrow 20,000 rupees ($214) from a relative, which we have no idea when or how we will repay,\u201d he said, looking at the reworked roof of his brick house.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n Morbi, India \u2013 For seven years, Pradeep Kumar would walk into the ceramics factory in western India at 9am, load raw materials \u2013 clay, quartz and sand \u2013 into the kiln, and spend the day around the heat and dust of the furnaces. He handled the clay at different stages, sometimes feeding it into machines, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":19745,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-19744","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-asia-news"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/inernews.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19744","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/inernews.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/inernews.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inernews.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inernews.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=19744"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/inernews.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19744\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inernews.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/19745"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/inernews.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=19744"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inernews.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=19744"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inernews.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=19744"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Recommended Stories <\/h2>\n
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