Thirty years since the war there ended, Bosnia and Herzegovina is still scarred by the ethnic cleansing campaigns which tore through the country, killing about 100,000 people and displacing more than two million.<\/p>\n
The 1992-1995 war, triggered by ethnic tensions and competing nationalist projects in the wake of the violent breakup of Yugoslavia, was marked by the systematic targeting of civilians and culminated in the 1995 Srebrenica genocide \u2013 the worst atrocity to be perpetrated in Europe since World War II.<\/p>\n list of 3 items<\/span>end of list<\/span><\/section>\n Bosnia was one of six republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, a federation created during World War II and held together for decades under President Josip Broz Tito.<\/p>\n After Tito\u2019s death in 1980, economic collapse and rising nationalism, particularly in Serbia and Croatia, led to demands for independence across the republics.<\/p>\n Slovenia and Croatia declared independence in 1991, with Macedonia following in early 1992, accelerating Yugoslavia\u2019s disintegration.<\/p>\n On March 1, 1992, Bosnia and Herzegovina held a referendum in which 99.7 percent of participating voters backed independence.<\/p>\n Most Bosnian Serbs boycotted the vote, however, and instead formed their own \u201cSerb Republic\u201d structures, which later became the Republika Srpska (RS) entity within Bosnia.<\/p>\n Bosnia\u2019s push for independence was also unfolding against the backdrop of Serbia\u2019s aggressive separatist policies under Slobodan Milosevic, who sought to unify Serb-populated areas in Bosnia and Croatia.<\/p>\n The European Community recognised Bosnia and Herzegovina as an independent state on April 6, 1992. That same month, Bosnian Serb forces, supported by the Yugoslav People\u2019s Army and paramilitaries, launched coordinated attacks within the country to seize territory and expel non-Serb communities.<\/p>\n On April 5, the capital city of Sarajevo came under siege by Bosnian Serb forces, in what became the longest blockade of a city in modern European history. For nearly 43 months, the attacking forces shelled residential areas, cut electricity and water and tightened their grip on the capital, killing about 11,000 people.<\/p>\n Soon after that assault began, the United Nations Security Council imposed sweeping sanctions on Serbia and Montenegro for supporting efforts to carve up Bosnia and Herzegovina. In October 1992, Croat forces also attacked Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) areas around Prozor in southwest Bosnia, marking the start of a separate Croat-Bosniak conflict that brought its own campaigns of ethnic cleansing.<\/p>\n A post-war research project commissioned by the Bosnian authorities estimated that about 104,000 people were killed, most of them civilians. Roughly two-thirds of those killed were Bosniaks.<\/p>\n International and Bosnian sources estimate that about 2.2 million people, more than half of the pre-war population, were forced from their homes as refugees or internally displaced. Most have never been able to return.<\/p>\n From the start, the war was characterised by systematic ethnic cleansing \u2013 particularly of Bosniaks \u2013 killings, mass rape, forced displacement and the destruction of cultural and religious sites. Here are some of the key events during the war.<\/p>\n Prijedor and the camps: <\/strong>In the northwestern region of Prijedor, Bosnian Serb authorities set up detention camps, including Omarska, Keraterm and Trnopolje, where thousands of Bosniak and Bosnian Croat civilians were beaten, tortured, raped and killed.<\/p>\n Research by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) described the crimes as \u201cwidespread and systematic\u201d, targeting non-Serb citizens of the country.<\/p>\n Foca and Visegrad: <\/strong>In eastern Bosnia, Bosniaks were killed or expelled, and women and young girls were subjected to organised rape. The ICTY\u2019s Foca case established rape and sexual enslavement as crimes against humanity.<\/p>\n Siege of Sarajevo:<\/strong> The capital, a multiethnic city, was surrounded by Bosnian Serb forces who shelled residential areas and used snipers to target civilians on the streets, in markets and at water queues. The siege lasted from April 1992 to February 1996 and killed an estimated 11,000 people, including more than 1,000 children.<\/p>\n With peace efforts failing, the UN declared Srebrenica in eastern Bosnia a \u201csafe area\u201d in April 1993, followed by Sarajevo, Tuzla, Zepa, Gorazde and Bihac a month later. But atrocities continued.<\/p>\n Ahmici massacre:<\/strong> In April 1993, Croat forces killed more than 100 Bosniak civilians in the village of Ahmici, central Bosnia, and burned homes and mosques. ICTY judgements called it one of the worst acts of ethnic cleansing in the area.<\/p>\n Rape camps:<\/strong> The ICTY and rights groups also documented that rape was used as an instrument of terror, particularly in Foca \u2013 now located in Republika Srpska in the southeast of the country \u2013 where women and girls were held in \u201crape camps\u201d.<\/p>\n Sarajevo remained under siege. In February 1994, a mortar attack on the Markale market killed 68 civilians and wounded many more. A second strike at the same market in August 1995 killed 43 people. ICTY judgements and UN investigators have blamed Bosnian Serb forces for these attacks.<\/p>\n These and other attacks on so-called \u201csafe areas\u201d raised pressure on NATO and Western governments to act, setting the stage for heavier air attacks against the Bosnian Serb leadership later in 1995.<\/p>\n During the siege of Sarajevo, citizens were subjected to \u201csniper safaris\u201d \u2013 so named as a grotesque reference to hunting expeditions \u2013 in which foreigners paid Bosnian Serb units to join them and shoot civilians from positions overlooking the city.<\/p>\n Following a recent Italian investigation, prosecutors in Milan are examining whether wealthy visitors from Italy and other countries travelled to Sarajevo on organised \u201ctours\u201d to shoot at civilians for sport.<\/p>\n No one has yet been convicted for organising or taking part in these \u201csafaris\u201d, but the allegations highlight the extreme dehumanisation that accompanied the siege of the city.<\/p>\n It is believed that citizens from multiple countries took part. In 2022, Bosnian film director Miran Zupanic\u2019s documentary, Sarajevo Safari, investigated wealthy foreigners who had participated, including some from the United States and Russia.<\/p>\n Moreover, in 2007, former US Marine John Jordan testified to the ICTY that \u201ctourist shooters\u201d had come to Sarajevo.<\/p>\n By 1995, Srebrenica, a town in eastern Bosnia, had become a refuge for tens of thousands of Bosniaks fleeing surrounding villages, which had been raided and ransacked by Bosnian Serb forces hunting them. The enclave was overcrowded and had become dependent on irregular UN aid convoys, and Bosnian Serb forces controlled the surrounding areas.<\/p>\n Although the UN had declared Srebrenica a protected zone and stationed a small Dutch peacekeeping unit there, the enclave was under siege. In March 1995, Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic issued a directive ordering that Srebrenica be completely cut off.<\/p>\n In early July 1995, Bosnian Serb forces advanced on the enclave. On July 9, Karadzic\u2019s forces were ordered to seize Srebrenica and, on July 11, Ratko Mladic, a Bosnian Serb military leader known as the \u201cButcher of Bosnia\u201d, entered the town.<\/p>\n Over the following days, Bosnian Serb units separated men and boys from women and younger children. More than 8,000 Bosniak men and boys were executed at sites in and around Srebrenica and their bodies dumped in mass graves, while about 20,000 women, children and elderly people were forcibly expelled.<\/p>\n The ICTY and the International Court of Justice later ruled that these killings constituted genocide.<\/p>\n Western governments had been reluctant to intervene decisively earlier in the war, but the genocide at Srebrenica forced a shift in approach. In August and September 1995, NATO launched a sustained air campaign against Bosnian Serb forces \u2013 a turning point that paved the way for the Dayton Peace Agreement, which formally ended the war.<\/p>\n US-brokered talks brought the leaders of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and the then-Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to an airbase near Dayton, Ohio, in the US.<\/p>\n On November 21, 1995, they agreed to the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, better known as the Dayton Peace Agreement, which preserved Bosnia as a single state divided into two main entities \u2013 the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska entity.<\/p>\n The agreement was formally signed in Paris on December 14.<\/p>\n The Dayton Peace Agreement was meant to do more than just end active fighting, and it reshaped the post-war political system.<\/p>\n Bosnia today has a highly decentralised structure of government, with two political entities as well as the third, self-governing Brcko District, shared between the other two, and layers of state-level institutions.<\/p>\n An entire section of the Dayton Agreement is devoted to refugees and those displaced during the war. It explicitly states that \u201call refugees and displaced persons have the right freely to return to their homes of origin\u201d and to have property restored or be compensated if that is not possible.<\/p>\n But many experts describe the agreement as flawed in practice, as implementation has been partial at best. While many people did return to their homes and hundreds of thousands of property claims were processed, significant numbers of Bosniaks were never able to return to their pre-war homes.<\/p>\n There were many reasons for this, including the presence of minefields, the fact that their housing had been destroyed, fear, economic hardship, and lingering, deep-rooted ethnic tensions.<\/p>\n Today, entire communities, particularly survivors of the Srebrenica genocide, remain in exile or have simply had to resettle elsewhere in countries such as the US and Australia.<\/p>\n In 1993, the UN created the ICTY to prosecute serious violations of international humanitarian law committed in the Balkans. The tribunal lasted 24 years, from 1993 to 2017.<\/p>\n Over more than two decades, witnesses and survivors gave evidence about the atrocities and 161 individuals were indicted. Ninety of those were sentenced, 19 were acquitted, 20 had their indictments withdrawn, 17 died before conviction, 13 were referred to other courts, and two were retried.<\/p>\n Four types of crime were recorded at the tribunal \u2013 genocide, crimes against humanity, violations of laws\/customs of war and grave breaches of the Geneva Convention.<\/p>\n Among the people tried by the tribunal were:<\/p>\n Radovan Karadzic<\/strong> \u2013 the wartime leader of the Bosnian Serbs. In 2016, he received a life sentence for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, including his role in Srebrenica and the siege of Sarajevo. In 2021, he was transferred to the high-security prison, HMP Parkhurst, on the Isle of Wight, off the south coast of England, UK.<\/p>\n Ratko Mladic<\/strong> \u2013 the Bosnian Serb military commander. In 2017, he was also sentenced to life imprisonment for genocide and other crimes. He is being held in the UN Detention Unit in The Hague, Netherlands.<\/p>\n Bosnian Croat leaders<\/strong> \u2013 several were convicted for crimes against Bosniaks during the Croat-Bosniak conflict.<\/p>\n Dozens of officials have also received long prison sentences for crimes linked to the Srebrenica genocide, though many survivors say justice remains far from being done.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n Thirty years since the war there ended, Bosnia and Herzegovina is still scarred by the ethnic cleansing campaigns which tore through the country, killing about 100,000 people and displacing more than two million. The 1992-1995 war, triggered by ethnic tensions and competing nationalist projects in the wake of the violent breakup of Yugoslavia, was marked […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5456,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5455","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-europe-news"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/inernews.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5455","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/inernews.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/inernews.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inernews.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inernews.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5455"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/inernews.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5455\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inernews.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5456"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/inernews.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5455"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inernews.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5455"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inernews.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5455"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Recommended Stories <\/h2>\n
When and why did the war in Bosnia begin?<\/h2>\n
![\"INTERACTIVE-BOSNIA-INFO-CARD-1763656911\"](\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/INTERACTIVE-BOSNIA-INFO-CARD-1763656911.png?quality=80\")
<\/p>\nHow many people were killed and displaced?<\/h2>\n
Which atrocities led up to the genocide in Srebrenica?<\/h2>\n
1992 \u2013 Ethnic cleansing and the siege of Sarajevo<\/h3>\n
![\"INTERACTIVE-bosnia-timeline-1765785381\"](\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/INTERACTIVE-bosnia-timeline-1765785381.png?quality=80\")
1993 \u2013 \u2018Safe areas\u2019 established but massacres continue<\/h3>\n
1994-1995 \u2013 Market attacks and pressure for intervention<\/h3>\n
Sniper \u2018safaris\u2019 during the siege of Sarajevo<\/h3>\n
How did the 1995 Srebrenica genocide happen?<\/h2>\n
How and when did the Bosnian war end?<\/h2>\n
What were the Dayton Accords?<\/h2>\n
Has anyone been held to account for the atrocities committed during the war?<\/h2>\n
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"